Challenger Point: Difference between revisions
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Challenger Point, | ```mediawiki | ||
{{Infobox mountain | |||
| name = Challenger Point | |||
| photo = | |||
| photo_caption = | |||
| elevation_ft = 14,080 | |||
| elevation_m = 4,292 | |||
| prominence_ft = 229 | |||
| prominence_m = 70 | |||
| range = [[Sangre de Cristo Mountains]] | |||
| coordinates = {{coord|37|58|48|N|105|36|22|W|type:mountain_region:US-CO|display=inline,title}} | |||
| topo = USGS Crestone Peak | |||
| listing = [[Colorado fourteeners|Colorado 14er]] | |||
| country = United States | |||
| state = Colorado | |||
| county = [[Saguache County, Colorado|Saguache County]] | |||
}} | |||
Challenger Point is a high summit in the [[Sangre de Cristo Mountains]] of southern Colorado, located near the town of [[Crestone, Colorado|Crestone]]. Its accepted elevation is 14,080 feet (4,292 meters) according to [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] data, making it one of Colorado's recognized fourteeners.<ref>{{cite web |title=Challenger Point |url=https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:200018 |work=USGS Geographic Names Information System |access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref> It is widely considered a subpeak of [[Kit Carson Mountain]], which rises to 14,165 feet (4,317 meters) along the same ridgeline. Despite its subpeak status, Challenger Point carries a topographic prominence of approximately 229 feet (70 meters), which is sufficient for inclusion on most standard Colorado 14ers lists, though it falls below the 300-foot threshold applied by stricter peakbagging criteria. The peak draws a steady stream of climbers each season, many of whom continue along the ridge to tag Kit Carson Mountain on the same outing. The summit's name honors the seven crew members of [[Space Shuttle Challenger]], who died on January 28, 1986, when the orbiter broke apart 73 seconds into ascent after launch from [[Kennedy Space Center]].<ref>{{cite web |title=STS-51-L (Challenger) |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission/sts-51-l/ |work=NASA |access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref> | |||
== History == | == History == | ||
The | The peak was named in the aftermath of the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster]] of January 28, 1986, in which all seven crew members perished during launch. The Colorado State Legislature designated the summit as Challenger Point as a memorial to mission commander Francis Scobee, pilot Michael Smith, mission specialists Judith Resnik, Ellison Onizuka, and Ronald McNair, payload specialist Gregory Jarvis, and teacher-in-space [[Christa McAuliffe]].<ref>{{cite web |title=STS-51-L (Challenger) |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission/sts-51-l/ |work=NASA |access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref> The crew came from varied professional backgrounds. McAuliffe, a high school social studies teacher from Concord, New Hampshire, had been selected from more than 11,000 applicants through NASA's [[Teacher in Space Project]] and had become the public face of the mission in the weeks before launch. Onizuka, a mission specialist and Air Force officer, was the first person of Japanese descent to fly in space. Resnik held a doctorate in electrical engineering. Their deaths, witnessed live on television by millions of viewers, reshaped NASA's safety culture and public expectations for human spaceflight.<ref>{{cite web |title=Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident |url=https://history.nasa.gov/rogersrep/genindex.htm |work=NASA History Division |access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref> | ||
Prior to its official | Colorado's decision to name a summit in their memory wasn't isolated. In the months and years following the accident, geographic features across the country were dedicated to the crew, part of a broader wave of public memorials. Colorado already had a tradition of naming mountains for public figures and historical events. Challenger Point fit into that pattern naturally. The naming was formally recorded in the USGS Geographic Names Information System, which serves as the authoritative registry for official place names in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Challenger Point |url=https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:200018 |work=USGS Geographic Names Information System |access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref> | ||
Prior to its official designation, the high point along Kit Carson Mountain's ridge did not carry a separate name and was treated simply as part of the larger Kit Carson massif. The surrounding Sangre de Cristo range has a history of limited mining activity during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, though the terrain near Crestone was never as heavily industrialized as the [[San Juan Mountains|San Juan]] or [[Sawatch Range|Sawatch]] ranges. Recreational use of the area grew steadily as the 20th century progressed, with the establishment of the [[Sangre de Cristo Wilderness]] in 1993 under the Colorado Wilderness Act drawing climbers and hikers to the high peaks around Crestone.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sangre de Cristo Wilderness |url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/riogrande/recarea/?recid=27801 |work=USDA Forest Service, Rio Grande National Forest |access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref> The 40th anniversary of the Challenger disaster in January 2026 renewed public attention to memorials like this one, with organizations including the [[Challenger Center]] marking the occasion with educational programs honoring the crew's legacy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Challenger Center Launches 40th Anniversary Commemoration |url=https://challenger.org/news-insights/challenger-center-launches-40th-anniversary-commemoration-honoring-the-challenger-crew-and-inspiring-the-next-generation-of-explorers/ |work=Challenger Center |access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref> The Challenger Center, a nonprofit founded by the crew's families in 1986, operates a network of learning centers focused on science and space education. | |||
== Geography == | == Geography == | ||
Challenger Point | Challenger Point sits within the [[Sangre de Cristo Wilderness]], a federally designated wilderness area of approximately 226,455 acres managed jointly by the [[Rio Grande National Forest]] and the [[San Isabel National Forest]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sangre de Cristo Wilderness |url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/riogrande/recarea/?recid=27801 |work=USDA Forest Service, Rio Grande National Forest |access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref> The summit lies on the same ridgeline as Kit Carson Mountain and is typically traversed as part of an extended route that tags both peaks on a single outing. The surrounding terrain is steep and rocky, with talus fields and narrow ridges defining much of the upper mountain. Alpine tundra covers the lower slopes, transitioning to bare rock and scree at higher elevations. | ||
The | The geology of the Sangre de Cristo Range is complex. The range's core consists largely of Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks, including gneiss and schist, which are among the oldest exposed formations in Colorado. These ancient basement rocks have been uplifted and shaped by millions of years of tectonic activity and glacial erosion, producing the sharp, angular ridgelines that characterize the range. The area around Challenger Point shows clear evidence of past glaciation, including cirques, moraines, and polished rock surfaces. | ||
The Sangre de Cristo range does not sit on the Continental Divide, which runs to the west through the Sawatch and San Juan ranges. Precipitation falling on the eastern slopes of Challenger Point drains into the Rio Grande watershed and ultimately toward the Gulf of Mexico. The climate at this elevation is severe. Winters are long and cold, with heavy snowpack persisting well into June in most years. Summers are short and marked by frequent afternoon thunderstorms, which pose a serious lightning hazard on the exposed upper ridges. Temperatures can drop sharply at any time of year, and conditions change fast. | |||
=== Flora and Fauna === | |||
The alpine and subalpine zones around Challenger Point support a range of plant and animal life adapted to harsh conditions. Cushion plants, sedges, and alpine grasses dominate the tundra above treeline. American pikas and yellow-bellied marmots are common residents of the talus fields on the upper mountain, while elk and mule deer range through the lower valleys. The Willow Lake area, which sits below the peak, is a productive habitat for raptors including golden eagles. Black bears are present in the surrounding wilderness, and hikers should follow standard bear-aware practices when camping in the area. | |||
== | == Climbing Routes == | ||
The standard route to Challenger Point begins at the Willow Creek Trailhead, located several miles east of Crestone, Colorado. From the trailhead, the trail climbs through forest and meadow to Willow Lake, gaining roughly 2,000 feet over approximately 3.5 miles. Above the lake, the route steepens considerably, following a use trail up loose talus and scree to the upper ridge. Total round-trip distance from the trailhead is approximately 8 to 9 miles, with a total elevation gain in the range of 4,400 feet, making it one of the more demanding approaches among Colorado's fourteeners.<ref>{{cite web |title=Challenger Point Route Description |url=https://www.14ers.com/routemain.php?route=chal1&peak=Challenger-Point |work=14ers.com |access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref> | |||
The terrain above Willow Lake is rated Class 2 to Class 3, requiring some use of hands on steeper sections. Most climbers who ascend Challenger Point also continue along the ridge to tag Kit Carson Mountain, which adds moderate distance and additional Class 3 scrambling. The connecting ridge between the two summits involves exposed sections where routefinding requires attention. Four-wheel-drive vehicles are not required to reach the Willow Creek Trailhead, which is accessible via a standard dirt road in good conditions. Still, the road can be rough after heavy rain, and high clearance is helpful. | |||
The typical climbing season runs from July through September, after winter snowpack has cleared the upper talus. Snow can linger on the ridge well into early summer, and early-season ascents may require an ice axe. Climbers should start early to avoid afternoon thunderstorms, which build quickly and can bring lightning to the exposed upper ridge by early afternoon during summer months. Hikers should carry adequate water, layered clothing, sun protection, and food for a full day. Permits are not currently required for day hiking in the Sangre de Cristo Wilderness, though overnight camping may be subject to seasonal fire restrictions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sangre de Cristo Wilderness: Visitor Information |url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/riogrande/recarea/?recid=27801 |work=USDA Forest Service, Rio Grande National Forest |access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref> Conditions vary significantly between early summer, when snow may still cover the upper route, and late summer, when the talus is generally dry and stable. | |||
The | |||
== Prominence and Classification == | |||
Colorado's fourteeners list is maintained by various climbing organizations and is generally defined as peaks exceeding 14,000 feet with a topographic prominence of at least 300 feet. Challenger Point's prominence of approximately 229 feet (70 meters) falls below that threshold, which is why its status as a standalone fourteener is not universally agreed upon. It appears on most standard 14ers lists, including the widely used reference guides published by Gerry Roach and the resources maintained by the [[Colorado Mountain Club]], because those sources apply a less restrictive prominence standard or treat the peak's historical and memorial significance as a factor in its inclusion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Colorado 14ers: Challenger Point |url=https://www.14ers.com/peak.php?peak=Challenger-Point |work=14ers.com |access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref> Not everyone agrees on this classification. Some peakbaggers follow stricter prominence criteria and do not count Challenger Point as a standalone fourteener. Both positions are well represented in the Colorado climbing community, and the debate is longstanding. | |||
The summit offers broad views of the southern Sangre de Cristo range, including Kit Carson Mountain, [[Crestone Peak]], [[Crestone Needle]], and [[Humboldt Peak]]. On clear days the panorama extends west across the [[San Luis Valley]] to the San Juan Mountains on the horizon. That view alone draws many climbers who might otherwise skip a peak of marginal prominence. Climbers who reach the summit pass a register where many leave notes acknowledging the memorial purpose of the peak, a tradition that has continued informally for decades. | |||
== Nearby Attractions == | |||
The town of [[Crestone, Colorado|Crestone]], located at the base of the range to the east, serves as the primary gateway community for climbing in this part of the Sangre de Cristos. It's a small, unconventional town with a notable concentration of spiritual retreat centers and a welcoming attitude toward outdoor visitors. Basic services including lodging and food are available, though Crestone is not a large tourist infrastructure hub, and climbers should plan accordingly. | |||
Willow Lake, reached partway along the standard climbing route, is a destination in its own right. The lake sits in a glacially carved cirque beneath the upper peaks and draws hikers who don't intend to continue to the summits. The surrounding wilderness also offers access to Crestone Peak and Crestone Needle, two technically demanding fourteeners that rank among the more challenging climbs in Colorado, with Crestone Needle generally rated Class 4 and Crestone Peak involving Class 3 to Class 4 terrain depending on the route taken. [[Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve]], located roughly 30 miles to the south, is another major draw in the region, offering a striking contrast between the dunefield on the valley floor and the snow-capped peaks rising above it. | |||
== Cultural Significance == | |||
The naming of Challenger Point reflects a broader American tradition of memorializing exploration and sacrifice through the natural landscape. The seven crew members of STS-51-L, as the mission was officially designated, came from diverse backgrounds and represented the expanding scope of NASA's astronaut corps in the 1980s. Christa McAuliffe was selected through the Teacher in Space program and had become a public face of the mission in the weeks before launch. Their deaths on January 28, 1986, were witnessed live by millions of viewers, and the disaster prompted the formation of the Rogers Commission, whose investigation led to significant changes in NASA's safety protocols and organizational culture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident |url=https://history.nasa.gov/rogersrep/genindex.htm |work=NASA History Division |access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref> | |||
Colorado's decision to name a fourteener in their memory wasn't isolated. Other geographic features across the country bear the names of the Challenger crew, part of a wave of memorials established in the months and years following the accident. The peak in the Sangre de Cristos connects a remote and physically demanding landscape to that history of human ambition and loss. Climbers who reach the summit pass a register where many leave notes acknowledging the memorial purpose of the peak. That tradition, informal and self-sustaining, has continued for decades.<ref>{{cite web |title=40 Years After Challenger |url=https://www.npr.org/2026/01/25/g-s1-106940/40-years-after-challenger |work=NPR |date=2026-01-25 |access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref> | |||
== See Also == | == See Also == | ||
* [[ | * [[Kit Carson Mountain]] | ||
* [[ | * [[Crestone Peak]] | ||
* [[ | * [[Crestone Needle]] | ||
* [[ | * [[Sangre de Cristo Mountains]] | ||
* [[Sangre de Cristo Wilderness]] | |||
* [[Rio Grande National Forest]] | |||
* [[Crestone, Colorado]] | |||
* [[Fourteeners (Colorado)]] | * [[Fourteeners (Colorado)]] | ||
* [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster]] | |||
[[Category:Sangre de Cristo Mountains]] | |||
[[Category:Geography of Colorado]] | |||
[[Category:Saguache County, Colorado]] | |||
[[Category:Colorado fourteeners]] | |||
[[Category:Space Shuttle Challenger]] | |||
[[Category:Memorials in Colorado]] | |||
[[Category:Mountains of Colorado]] | |||
[[Category:14,000-foot mountains of Colorado]] | |||
== References == | |||
<references /> | |||
``` | |||
Latest revision as of 03:34, 19 May 2026
```mediawiki Template:Infobox mountain
Challenger Point is a high summit in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains of southern Colorado, located near the town of Crestone. Its accepted elevation is 14,080 feet (4,292 meters) according to USGS data, making it one of Colorado's recognized fourteeners.[1] It is widely considered a subpeak of Kit Carson Mountain, which rises to 14,165 feet (4,317 meters) along the same ridgeline. Despite its subpeak status, Challenger Point carries a topographic prominence of approximately 229 feet (70 meters), which is sufficient for inclusion on most standard Colorado 14ers lists, though it falls below the 300-foot threshold applied by stricter peakbagging criteria. The peak draws a steady stream of climbers each season, many of whom continue along the ridge to tag Kit Carson Mountain on the same outing. The summit's name honors the seven crew members of Space Shuttle Challenger, who died on January 28, 1986, when the orbiter broke apart 73 seconds into ascent after launch from Kennedy Space Center.[2]
History
The peak was named in the aftermath of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster of January 28, 1986, in which all seven crew members perished during launch. The Colorado State Legislature designated the summit as Challenger Point as a memorial to mission commander Francis Scobee, pilot Michael Smith, mission specialists Judith Resnik, Ellison Onizuka, and Ronald McNair, payload specialist Gregory Jarvis, and teacher-in-space Christa McAuliffe.[3] The crew came from varied professional backgrounds. McAuliffe, a high school social studies teacher from Concord, New Hampshire, had been selected from more than 11,000 applicants through NASA's Teacher in Space Project and had become the public face of the mission in the weeks before launch. Onizuka, a mission specialist and Air Force officer, was the first person of Japanese descent to fly in space. Resnik held a doctorate in electrical engineering. Their deaths, witnessed live on television by millions of viewers, reshaped NASA's safety culture and public expectations for human spaceflight.[4]
Colorado's decision to name a summit in their memory wasn't isolated. In the months and years following the accident, geographic features across the country were dedicated to the crew, part of a broader wave of public memorials. Colorado already had a tradition of naming mountains for public figures and historical events. Challenger Point fit into that pattern naturally. The naming was formally recorded in the USGS Geographic Names Information System, which serves as the authoritative registry for official place names in the United States.[5]
Prior to its official designation, the high point along Kit Carson Mountain's ridge did not carry a separate name and was treated simply as part of the larger Kit Carson massif. The surrounding Sangre de Cristo range has a history of limited mining activity during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, though the terrain near Crestone was never as heavily industrialized as the San Juan or Sawatch ranges. Recreational use of the area grew steadily as the 20th century progressed, with the establishment of the Sangre de Cristo Wilderness in 1993 under the Colorado Wilderness Act drawing climbers and hikers to the high peaks around Crestone.[6] The 40th anniversary of the Challenger disaster in January 2026 renewed public attention to memorials like this one, with organizations including the Challenger Center marking the occasion with educational programs honoring the crew's legacy.[7] The Challenger Center, a nonprofit founded by the crew's families in 1986, operates a network of learning centers focused on science and space education.
Geography
Challenger Point sits within the Sangre de Cristo Wilderness, a federally designated wilderness area of approximately 226,455 acres managed jointly by the Rio Grande National Forest and the San Isabel National Forest.[8] The summit lies on the same ridgeline as Kit Carson Mountain and is typically traversed as part of an extended route that tags both peaks on a single outing. The surrounding terrain is steep and rocky, with talus fields and narrow ridges defining much of the upper mountain. Alpine tundra covers the lower slopes, transitioning to bare rock and scree at higher elevations.
The geology of the Sangre de Cristo Range is complex. The range's core consists largely of Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks, including gneiss and schist, which are among the oldest exposed formations in Colorado. These ancient basement rocks have been uplifted and shaped by millions of years of tectonic activity and glacial erosion, producing the sharp, angular ridgelines that characterize the range. The area around Challenger Point shows clear evidence of past glaciation, including cirques, moraines, and polished rock surfaces.
The Sangre de Cristo range does not sit on the Continental Divide, which runs to the west through the Sawatch and San Juan ranges. Precipitation falling on the eastern slopes of Challenger Point drains into the Rio Grande watershed and ultimately toward the Gulf of Mexico. The climate at this elevation is severe. Winters are long and cold, with heavy snowpack persisting well into June in most years. Summers are short and marked by frequent afternoon thunderstorms, which pose a serious lightning hazard on the exposed upper ridges. Temperatures can drop sharply at any time of year, and conditions change fast.
Flora and Fauna
The alpine and subalpine zones around Challenger Point support a range of plant and animal life adapted to harsh conditions. Cushion plants, sedges, and alpine grasses dominate the tundra above treeline. American pikas and yellow-bellied marmots are common residents of the talus fields on the upper mountain, while elk and mule deer range through the lower valleys. The Willow Lake area, which sits below the peak, is a productive habitat for raptors including golden eagles. Black bears are present in the surrounding wilderness, and hikers should follow standard bear-aware practices when camping in the area.
Climbing Routes
The standard route to Challenger Point begins at the Willow Creek Trailhead, located several miles east of Crestone, Colorado. From the trailhead, the trail climbs through forest and meadow to Willow Lake, gaining roughly 2,000 feet over approximately 3.5 miles. Above the lake, the route steepens considerably, following a use trail up loose talus and scree to the upper ridge. Total round-trip distance from the trailhead is approximately 8 to 9 miles, with a total elevation gain in the range of 4,400 feet, making it one of the more demanding approaches among Colorado's fourteeners.[9]
The terrain above Willow Lake is rated Class 2 to Class 3, requiring some use of hands on steeper sections. Most climbers who ascend Challenger Point also continue along the ridge to tag Kit Carson Mountain, which adds moderate distance and additional Class 3 scrambling. The connecting ridge between the two summits involves exposed sections where routefinding requires attention. Four-wheel-drive vehicles are not required to reach the Willow Creek Trailhead, which is accessible via a standard dirt road in good conditions. Still, the road can be rough after heavy rain, and high clearance is helpful.
The typical climbing season runs from July through September, after winter snowpack has cleared the upper talus. Snow can linger on the ridge well into early summer, and early-season ascents may require an ice axe. Climbers should start early to avoid afternoon thunderstorms, which build quickly and can bring lightning to the exposed upper ridge by early afternoon during summer months. Hikers should carry adequate water, layered clothing, sun protection, and food for a full day. Permits are not currently required for day hiking in the Sangre de Cristo Wilderness, though overnight camping may be subject to seasonal fire restrictions.[10] Conditions vary significantly between early summer, when snow may still cover the upper route, and late summer, when the talus is generally dry and stable.
Prominence and Classification
Colorado's fourteeners list is maintained by various climbing organizations and is generally defined as peaks exceeding 14,000 feet with a topographic prominence of at least 300 feet. Challenger Point's prominence of approximately 229 feet (70 meters) falls below that threshold, which is why its status as a standalone fourteener is not universally agreed upon. It appears on most standard 14ers lists, including the widely used reference guides published by Gerry Roach and the resources maintained by the Colorado Mountain Club, because those sources apply a less restrictive prominence standard or treat the peak's historical and memorial significance as a factor in its inclusion.[11] Not everyone agrees on this classification. Some peakbaggers follow stricter prominence criteria and do not count Challenger Point as a standalone fourteener. Both positions are well represented in the Colorado climbing community, and the debate is longstanding.
The summit offers broad views of the southern Sangre de Cristo range, including Kit Carson Mountain, Crestone Peak, Crestone Needle, and Humboldt Peak. On clear days the panorama extends west across the San Luis Valley to the San Juan Mountains on the horizon. That view alone draws many climbers who might otherwise skip a peak of marginal prominence. Climbers who reach the summit pass a register where many leave notes acknowledging the memorial purpose of the peak, a tradition that has continued informally for decades.
Nearby Attractions
The town of Crestone, located at the base of the range to the east, serves as the primary gateway community for climbing in this part of the Sangre de Cristos. It's a small, unconventional town with a notable concentration of spiritual retreat centers and a welcoming attitude toward outdoor visitors. Basic services including lodging and food are available, though Crestone is not a large tourist infrastructure hub, and climbers should plan accordingly.
Willow Lake, reached partway along the standard climbing route, is a destination in its own right. The lake sits in a glacially carved cirque beneath the upper peaks and draws hikers who don't intend to continue to the summits. The surrounding wilderness also offers access to Crestone Peak and Crestone Needle, two technically demanding fourteeners that rank among the more challenging climbs in Colorado, with Crestone Needle generally rated Class 4 and Crestone Peak involving Class 3 to Class 4 terrain depending on the route taken. Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, located roughly 30 miles to the south, is another major draw in the region, offering a striking contrast between the dunefield on the valley floor and the snow-capped peaks rising above it.
Cultural Significance
The naming of Challenger Point reflects a broader American tradition of memorializing exploration and sacrifice through the natural landscape. The seven crew members of STS-51-L, as the mission was officially designated, came from diverse backgrounds and represented the expanding scope of NASA's astronaut corps in the 1980s. Christa McAuliffe was selected through the Teacher in Space program and had become a public face of the mission in the weeks before launch. Their deaths on January 28, 1986, were witnessed live by millions of viewers, and the disaster prompted the formation of the Rogers Commission, whose investigation led to significant changes in NASA's safety protocols and organizational culture.[12]
Colorado's decision to name a fourteener in their memory wasn't isolated. Other geographic features across the country bear the names of the Challenger crew, part of a wave of memorials established in the months and years following the accident. The peak in the Sangre de Cristos connects a remote and physically demanding landscape to that history of human ambition and loss. Climbers who reach the summit pass a register where many leave notes acknowledging the memorial purpose of the peak. That tradition, informal and self-sustaining, has continued for decades.[13]
See Also
- Kit Carson Mountain
- Crestone Peak
- Crestone Needle
- Sangre de Cristo Mountains
- Sangre de Cristo Wilderness
- Rio Grande National Forest
- Crestone, Colorado
- Fourteeners (Colorado)
- Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
References
```